Linux

                                                                                                                  Isaac D. Mao
 Unix-liked OS is a kind of stable, multi-user, multi-tasking OS for servers, PCs and even mobile devices.

The UNIX OS is made up of three parts: the kernel, the shell and the programs.
  • Kernel is the hub of the OS, which allocates time and memory to programs and handles the files and communications. 
  • Shell acts as an interface between the user and the kernel. It's a command line interpreter (CLI).

I. Basic Commands

1.1. Listing files and directories

  • % ls : When you first login, your current working directory is your home directory. Your home directory has the same name as your user-name, which is where your personal files and subdirectories are saved. To find out what is in the current working directory (except hidden files), type % ls
  • To list all files (including those hidden files whose names begin with a dot), type  % ls -a

1.2.  About Directories

  • % mkdir myunixex  // To make a subdirectory called myunixex in current working directory.
  • % rmdir directory  //  Remove a directory (if it's empty).

1.3.  Changing to a different directory

  • % cd [another directory] // To change the current working directory to 'another directory'.
  • % cd  . // (.) means the current directory. (..) means the parent directory.
  • % cd  / % cd ~   // cd with no argument or ~ always returns to home directory.

1.4.  Path names

  • % pwd   // Print Working Directory --- to find out the absolute path name of current directory

1.5.  About Files

  • % cp  file1 [file2]  // file1 is the source that may contain path name. file2 can be a (.), which means the the target is in the current directory with the same name.
  • % mv  file1 [file2]  // move or rename file1 to file2. file2 can be a directory with a (.)
  • % rm  file         // Remove/delete a file
  • % touch  file    // Create a file
  • % cat  file       // Display a file  - concatenate
    • % less   file    //  Display a file a page at a time  [space bar]= see next page; [q] = quit
    • % head  file    //  Display the 1st few lines of a file
    • % tail  file      //  Display the last few lines of a file
  • % grep -i 'keywordfile    //  Print each line containing the keywords - case sensitive [or -i ]
    • -v display those do NOT match. -n also display line number; -c total count of matched lines
  • % wc [-lfile      //  Count number of [-l] lines/ [-w]words/characters in file.

1.6. Wildcards & File Name conventions

  • (*)  (?)  
  • In naming files, we should avoid using special characters such as (/ * & %) and space
  • Use only letters, numbers_ (underscore) and . (dot)
  • File names conventionally start with a lower-case letter, and may end with an extension name.
  • Directory is a special type of file, so is subject to the file name conventions. 

1.7.  Getting Help

  • % man  command      // To read the manual page for a command.
  • % whatis  command   // To give a one-line description of the command. 
  • % apropos  keyword   // When you are not sure the exact name; Match commands with keyword.

II. Security

2.1 File System Security (Access Rights)

  • % ls -l  // [-l] for long listing. We'll see details similar to the example below.
  • We will find that each file (and directory) has associated access rights
  • Access rights on files: r (read/copy)  w (write/change)  x (execute)
  • Access rights on directories: r (list)  w (delete/move files)  x (access files with given permission)
    • To read a file, you must have x permission on the directory containing that file & all parent directories.
  • Change Access Rights:  
    • % chmod go-rwx file1 //remove rwx permissions on file1 for group & others
    • % chmod a+rw file1 // Give read & write permissions on  file1 to all.

2.2 Processes and Jobs

  • A process is an executing program identified by a unique PID (process identifier).
  • % ps  // To see info about your processes (with associated PID and status).
  • A process may be in the foreground / background / suspended. 
  • Usually, shell doesn't return the Unix prompt until the current process has finished executing.
  • A long process can be in background, so the Unix prompt can return immediately, and other tasks can be carried out while the long process continues executing. 
  • To background a process, type an & at the end of the command line.  
    • % sleep 10  // wait 10s     
    • % sleep 10 &  // wait 10s in background, return [job #] PID 
    • % sleep 1000  then [Ctrl ^]+Z  to suspend the process, then % bg //put it in background
    • Do not background programs that require user interaction (e.g. vi ). 
  • % jobs   // To see the list of processes (running/background/suspended) 
    • In format as:  [job#] Status Process_Name [Process_options]
  • % fg [%job#]   // To restart (foreground) a suspended processes. 
    • If no option, then foreground the last suspended process.
  • ^ + C  // To kill a job running in the foreground. 
    • % kill %job#  // To kill a suspended or background process.
    • % kill PID#   // To kill a process by PID_number
  • If a process refuses to be killed, use -9 option.   % kill -9 PID#
    • It's not possible to kill off other user's process.

    2.3 Role Based Access Control (RBAC)  

    * Installation / Configuration of RBAC and sudo 
    • Loading the VirtualBox image (.vbox) of a pre-installed Fedora Core 8 machine. 
    • If start from a fresh Fedora Core 8 iso: 
      • Install the policy
        1.  Open up a terminal and become root
          • Default user: dmao    Admin user: root
          • dmao@localhost:~$ su -     enter password
          • root@localhost:~#  killall -9 yum-updatesd // close yum-updatesd that prevents us from installing software, it's for providing notification of available updates.
        2. Install our example devel policy
        3. Integrate our example policy for a cash registry system
        4. Load our cash registry policy:  :~#  semodule -i cash_register.pp
      • Creating the users
        • Create our cashiers' account with password.
          •  ~#  adduser alice  adduser bob  passwd alicepd1   passwd bobp2
        • Give our users a role and the capacity of login to the system:
        • Create our working dirs for our /bin/register.py program 
        • Put the right contexts for the folders and access to them using fixfiles.
        • We may allow some user to have more than 1 role by using gedit.
      • Try the policy
        • Ctrl-Shift-F2 and login as alice, the cashier (cashier_r)
        • Try to cheat the system by committing as a cashier
        • Ctrl-Shift-F3 and login as bob, the manager (mgr_r), and confirm what alice counted
        • As bob, try to cheat in a different value and commit it.










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